Agricultural Robotics: The production of agricultural robots is done in stages. The first generation of robots is being developed as crop scouts that collect data in the field. The second generation of robots will be able to perform field operations such as mechanical weeding and micro spraying. This operation will most likely be performed with large robots that resemble current equipment. The third generation of robots will be as part of a fully autonomous crop production system.
Photo: Robohub.org & Vision Robotics Corporation
Robots promise a wonderful world, but for whom?
A wine-grape pruning robot that does the job of manual labor at half the cost. A strawberry-picking robot that works day and night, though still slower than human pickers. A lettuce-thinning machine in development that can do the job 20 to 40 times faster than a person. An orange-picking machine that is nearing practical implementation and already cheaper than a live picker.
All this may sound like science fiction. But these and numerous other innovations are already under development, as is being widely discussed in agriculture journals and websites.
Agricultural interests and public universities such as the University of California at Davis are fast at work in developing new technologies that will replace farm laborers. Included in the technology are drones that can herd cattle and spray chemicals. Already in use in green houses are robots that can sense the need for watering a particular plant, and others that can determine when a tomato is ready to be picked.
Guided by laser sensors and gyroscopes, with mobile arms, this technology is fast invading the fresh-fruit and vegetable market that has long eluded mechanization. Experts estimate that robotization in the fields is from two to 10 years away from full implementation.
Mechanization in the fields has historically lagged behind that in industry by at least 40 years for various factors, most notably the availability of a cheap, vulnerable, and abundant labor supply, which to a large extent is undocumented. The fact that agricultural interests clamor for a guest-worker program in the current immigration-reform proposals attests to their dependence on cheap labor.
Growers claim that labor shortages due to tightened immigration policies are spurring on this new drive to replace workers in the fields.
Although there is much truth in that statement, there is more to the story than that. Driven as much by foreign and domestic competition as by their anxiety over an imminent-labor shortage, capitalist interests in agriculture are forced to introduce robots in the fields in order to stay ahead of the competition.
What does this mean for the 11 million undocumented workers currently in the United States, particularly given the stagnation of immigration reform in Congress?
Most certainly, it does not mean job security. Although the majority of the undocumented immigrants do not labor in agriculture, the gap between labor-replacing technology and the cost of labor in the cities and in rural areas is narrowing quickly. And it is having profound consequences for all workers, and not just the immigrant worker.
Even with immigration reform, there are those who are pushing for a guest-worker program for certain non-agricultural industries in the cities, probably to buy time for robotization even in those workplaces.
Following WWII, technology such as the mechanical cotton harvester displaced millions of African American and white agricultural workers in the rural South, but these internal migrants were absorbed into new industrial jobs in the North or on the west coast. Something similar, but on a reduced scale happened with cotton harvesting in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
What is happening today in the agricultural fields is much different from the early days of labor-enhancing technology. Early on, the introduction of mechanical grape harvesters for wine production was used to break unionization drives in California fields to keep wages low. Now actual jobs are being eliminated forever.
The technology is fascinating and promises to provide an abundance of food, as well as eliminate back-breaking labor. But the way production is currently organized, the benefit goes to the capitalist and not to working people.
We are not disposable objects to be used and discarded when no longer exploitable. Our media, like this newspaper, are offered as tribunes of the people to discuss how society as a whole should benefit from this new technology — and not just for the benefit of the handful of owners of that technology.
